新建显示桌面的快捷方式

不小心把显示桌面的快捷方式给删除了,记住方法,以后就不怕了。想删就删。

在Windows XP操作系统中,任务栏的显示桌面图标目标文件是“C:\Documents and Settings\[用户]\Application Data\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Quick Launch\显示桌面.scf”,所以如果需要恢复该图标,只需要在原处重新建立一个“显示桌面.scf”文件即可。

可以使用记事本等文本编辑器,重新用以下内容建立一个显示桌面.scf文件。

[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=explorer.exe,3

[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop

也就是在桌面建立一个笔记本!!!写上述的命令,然后复制到C:\Documents and Settings\[用户]\Application Data\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Quick Launch\显示桌面.scf”,即可!

如果不知道怎么建立这个文件,再补充一个懒人的方法,到另外一个用户下面复制过来吧^_^

Linux 对文件进行加锁/解锁

加锁:chattr +i /path/filename

解锁:chattr -i /path/filename

Redis安装配置

http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-7129-1-1.html

Redis介绍

Redis本质上一个Key/Value数据库,与Memcached类似的NoSQL型数据库,但是他的数据可以持久化的保存在磁盘上,解决了服 务重启后数据不丢失的问题,他的值可以是string(字符串)、list(列表)、sets(集合)或者是ordered   sets(被排序的集 合),所有的数据类型都具有push/pop、add/remove、执行服务端的并集、交集、两个sets集中的差别等等操作,这些操作都是具有原子性 的,Redis还支持各种不同的排序能力
Redis 2.0更是增加了很多新特性,如:提升了性能、增加了新的数据类型、更少的利用内存(AOF和VM)
Redis支持绝大部分主流的开发语言,如:C、Java、C#、PHP、Perl、Python、Lua、Erlang、Ruby等等

Redis性能:
根据Redis官方的测试结果:在50个并发的情况下请求10w次,写的速度是110000次/s,读的速度是81000次/s
测试环境:
1.        50个并发,请求100000次
2.        读和写大小为256bytes的字符串
3.        Linux2.6 Xeon X3320 2.5GHz的服务器上
4.        通过本机的loopback interface接口上执行
地址:http://code.google.com/p/redis/wiki/Benchmarks

Redis的功能:
1、Redis的Sharding:Redis支持客户端的Sharding功能,通过一致性hash算法实现,当前Redis不支持故障冗余,在集群中不能在线增加或删除Redis
2、Redis的master/slave复制:
1.        一个master支持多个slave
2.        Slave可以接受其他slave的连接来替代他连接master
3.        复制在master是非阻塞的,而在slave是阻塞的
4.        复制被利用来提供可扩展性,在slave端只提供查询功能及数据的冗余
3、Redis的Virtual Memory功能:vm是Redis2.0新增的一个非常稳定和可靠的功能,
vm的引入是为了提高Redis的性能,也就是把很少使用的value保存到disk,而key保存在内存中。实际上就是如果你有10w的keys在内存 中,而只有仅仅10%左右的key经常使用,那么Redis可以通过开启VM尝试将不经常使用的Value转换到disk上保存
4、Redis的附加档案(AOF)功能:Redis通过配置的策略将数据集保存到aof中,当Redis挂掉后能够通过aof恢复到挂掉前的状态

Redis的安装及配置:
下载Redis:wget http://redis.googlecode.com/files/redis-2.0.0-rc4.tar.gz

[[email protected]   ~/src]$ tar xvzf redis-2.0.0-rc4.tar.gz
[[email protected]   ~/src]$ cd   redis-2.0.0-rc4
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$ make
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$ mkdir ~/redis-2.0.0
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$cp redis-server   ~/redis-2.0.0
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$cp redis-benchmark   ~/redis-2.0.0
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$cp redis-cli   ~/redis-2.0.0
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$cp redis.conf   ~/redis-2.0.0
[[email protected]   ~/src/redis-2.0.0-rc4]$ cd ~/redis-2.0.0/

复制代码

配置redis.conf配置文件:

#是否作为守护进程运行
daemonize yes
#配置pid的存放路径及文件名,默认为当前路径下
pidfile redis.pid
#Redis默认监听端口
port 6379
#客户端闲置多少秒后,断开连接
timeout 300
#日志显示级别
loglevel verbose
#指定日志输出的文件名,也可指定到标准输出端口
logfile stdout
#设置数据库的数量,默认连接的数据库是0,可以通过select N来连接不同的数据库
databases 16
#保存数据到disk的策略
#当有一条Keys数据被改变是,900秒刷新到disk一次
save 900 1
#当有10条Keys数据被改变时,300秒刷新到disk一次
save 300 10
#当有1w条keys数据被改变时,60秒刷新到disk一次
save 60 10000
#当dump   .rdb数据库的时候是否压缩数据对象
rdbcompression yes
#dump数据库的数据保存的文件名
dbfilename dump.rdb
#Redis的工作目录
dir /home/falcon/redis-2.0.0/
###########   Replication #####################
#Redis的复制配置
# slaveof <masterip> <masterport>
# masterauth <master-password>############## SECURITY ###########
# requirepass foobared

############### LIMITS ##############
#最大客户端连接数
# maxclients 128
#最大内存使用率
# maxmemory <bytes>

########## APPEND ONLY MODE #########
#是否开启日志功能
appendonly no
# 刷新日志到disk的规则
# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no
################ VIRTUAL MEMORY ###########
#是否开启VM功能
vm-enabled no
# vm-enabled yes
vm-swap-file logs/redis.swap
vm-max-memory 0
vm-page-size 32
vm-pages 134217728
vm-max-threads 4
############# ADVANCED CONFIG ###############
glueoutputbuf yes
hash-max-zipmap-entries 64
hash-max-zipmap-value 512
#是否重置Hash表
activerehashing yes

复制代码

启动Redis

[[email protected]   ~/redis-2.0.0]$ ./redis-server redis.conf
检测Redis是否启动:
[[email protected]   ~/redis-2.0.0]$ netstat -an -t
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address             Foreign Address          State
tcp        0    0 0.0.0.0:10022             0.0.0.0:*                LISTEN
tcp        0    0 0.0.0.0:6379             0.0.0.0:*                LISTEN
……..
[[email protected]   ~/redis-2.0.0]$ ps -ef|grep redis-server
falcon 7663     1   0 02:29 ?        00:00:00 ./redis-server redis.conf

hwclock命令出现/dev/rtc to wait for clock tick timed 解决办法(Linux)

故障描述:
一台IBM x3850发现系统时间比正确时间变快了8小时。而且已经确认BIOS时间是绝对正确的。且clock 和hwclock都不能使用,有以下报错:select() to /dev/rtc to wait for clock tick timed out。
故障分析:
计算机系统有两个时钟,一个是 BIOS(CMOS),或者说“硬件时钟”,还有一个就是“系统(操作系统)时钟”,如果这两个时钟的设置上有问题,或者Linux 的时钟配置文件不正确的话,就会产生系统时钟差 8 小时的问题。或读的是硬件时间这没错,然而系统把他当成UTC时间,然后自己加了8小时,得到他所认为的local time.
clock 和hwclock不能使用,出现报错:select() to /dev/rtc to wait for clock tick timed out,原因是不能读取/dev/rtc,也就是硬件时间。这又是因为某些机器的BIOS处理方式和Linux的rtc内核模块之间出现了问题。
Linux 又有3个这类模块,rtc/genrtc/rtc_dev,似乎是一个比一个新,有些Linux系统通常自己用的是rtc这个老模块;但Dell/ibm /acer等等厂商现在都可能使用新的BIOS,这种BIOS和这个rtc就可能不对付。如果出现了上面那个timeout的问题,使用下面的方法可以解 决:

故障解决:

给hwclock加参数,–directisa
1.检查/etc/localtime文件
localtime文件是Linux 的时钟设置文件,实际上这个文件是 /usr/share/zoneinfo 目录下对应文件的符号连接。假设我们所处的地区位于上海,那么只要运行以下的命令就可以设置时区了。
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime

2.检查/etc/sysconfig/clock文件
ZONE=Asia/Shanghai          ##/usr/share/zoneinfo 下面的文件。
UTC=false                   ##硬件时钟是否为 UTC 或者说 GMT 时钟。
ARC=false                   ##如果是在 Alpha 机器上,则设置为 true 。
注:1.把硬件时钟设置为 UTC 的好处就是他能自动设置夏时制,缺点时,在安装有多重操作系统启动的机器上,在另外的操作
系统上时钟会错误。
2.如果以上两个文件的设定都没有问题,继续

3.vi /etc/sysconfig/clock
添加:CLOCKFLAGS=–directisa    //直接以I/O指令存取硬件时间而不通过/dev/rtc设备来存取

4.vi /etc/rc.sysinit
将/etc/rc.sysinit里面关于hwclock的命令都加directisa参数    //使系统开机时可以读取硬件时钟

vi /etc/init.d/halt
将/etc/init.d/halt里面关于hwclock的命令都加directisa参数    //使系统关机时与硬件时钟同步

5.调整系统时间为正确时间

6.执行:hwclock –directisa –systohc

重启后执行:hwclock –systohc

CentOS Linux下添加新硬盘并分区格式化

Linux磁带备份,所以我先添加一块硬盘,并相应的建立分区,格式化,然后挂载使用。下面看我操作的步骤:
1.先用Fdisk -l 来查看当前状态下磁盘情况

login as: root

[email protected]'s password:

Last login: Mon Mar  1 09:08:02 2010 from 172.16.0.16

[root@linux1 ~]# fdisk -lDisk /dev/hda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux

/dev/hda2              14         652     5132767+  8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/hdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes

16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4161 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes

Disk /dev/hdb doesn't contain a valid partition table

上面红色标识行可以看出,我添加了一块新硬盘/dev/hdb,大小为2G,未分区格式化状态。

2.用Fdisk /dev/hdb来进行分区操作。

[root@linux1 ~]# fdisk /dev/hdb
Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel
Building a new DOS disklabel. Changes will remain in memory only,
until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous
content won't be recoverable.

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 4161.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected by w(rite)

Command (m for help): n   //输入N表示新建一个分区
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p  //p 表示建立一个原始分区
Partition number (1-4): 1   //1 表示此分区编号为1.
First cylinder (1-4161, default 1): 1 //1表示使用默认起始柱面号.如果要分多个区的话,先盘算好要多大,再输入数字
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1-4161, default 4161): // 输入: 回车 表示使用默认结束柱面号.即此分区使用整个硬盘空间

Using default value 4161

Command (m for help): w //保存分区

The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

3.再次查看当前分区状态:

[root@linux1 ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/hda: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hda1   *           1          13      104391   83  Linux
/dev/hda2              14         652     5132767+  8e  Linux LVM

Disk /dev/hdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes
16 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4161 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 1008 * 512 = 516096 bytes

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/hdb1               1        4161     2097112+  83  Linux

可以看出,已经出来了一个/dev/hdb1的新分区。下一步将其格式化,再使用

4.用mkfs.ext3格式化新分区

[root@linux1 ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/hdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
262144 inodes, 524278 blocks
26213 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
16 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16384 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912

Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 32 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

5.挂载使用。

[root@linux1 ~]# mkdir /mnt/hdb1   //新建一个挂载点。
[root@linux1 ~]# mount /dev/hdb1 /mnt/hdb1 //挂载。
[root@linux1 ~]# df -h
文件系统              容量  已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/VolGroup00-LogVol00
                      4.3G  3.6G  487M  89% /
/dev/hda1              99M   12M   82M  13% /boot
tmpfs                 125M     0  125M   0% /dev/shm
/dev/hdb1             2.0G  3.0M  1.9G   1% /mnt/hdb1

6 .开机自动挂载
三.设置新硬盘开机自动挂载

在/etc/fstab中添加新硬盘的挂载信息.添加下面一行:

/dev/hdb1 /mnt/hdb1 ext3 defaults 1 2(如果还有一个分区就是1 3,以此类推)

这样,每次开机后,系统会自动将/dev/hdb1挂载到/mnt/hdb1上

查看本机端口占用的程序 (80端口被占用的解决办法)

使用IIS、Apache的用户一般都会遇到80端口被其他应用程序占用的情况,解决方法:
进入CMD,输入netstat -ano就可以很清楚的看到本地80口占用程序的PID,然后再去任务管理器里查找到PID所对应的进程(如果任务管理器没有PID,查看–>选 择列),原来是迅雷5给占用了,再去迅雷里查看设置,竟然BT的默认TCP传输端口是80,改掉设置,Apache、IIS启动正常了….

Linux 设置用nobody用户执行crontab

方法一:

[root@localhost ~]# crontab -e -u nobody

输入

0 3 * * * /usr/local/php/bin/php /data/htdocs/crontab.php > /dev/null

方法二:当前用户设置

[root@localhost ~]# crontab -e

输入

30 1 * * * su -c '/data/htdocs/crontab.php' -s /usr/local/php/bin/php nobody

Windows无法连接到选定网络,网络可能不在区域中。请刷新可用网络的列表,重新尝试。

台式机,安装Windows XP SP2,使用PCI 54M无线网卡,连接无线路由器。

可以检测到网络信号,却无法连接到无线路由器。
网络是加密的,但没有弹出密码输入框。
错误提示“Windows无法连接到选定网络,网络可能不在区域中。请刷新可用网络的列表,重新尝试。

可以肯定的是,台式机的无线网卡没有问题。
无线网卡驱动也正确安装了,IP地址是“自动获得”,无需手动设置,路由器的“DHCP”已经开启,且未设置“MAC过滤”。

另外一台笔记本却可以正常连接无线路由器,访问互联网。
路由器应该也没什么问题啊。

到底是哪里问题呢。

应该是路由器设置的问题。

尝试将路由器“无线网络安全”中设置的“网络加密”关闭后,台式机再次连接路由器——成功,可以访问网络了。

在路由器中将原来的“WPA”加密方式,改成“WEP”,设置好密码。

台式机再次连接路由器,提示输入密码。两次输入密码后,成功连接路由器。

原来,是由于台式机,安装的系统为Windows XP SP2,不支持“WPA”及“WPA2”加密方式。而笔记本是使用的Windows XP SP3.

遇到像这种情况,要想正常接入无线网络,就有两种简单的解决方法。
方法1.更改路由器中的“网络加密”方式为“WEP”。
方法2.安装Windows XP 更新程序 (KB893357)[文件体积<1.2M],或将系统从SP2升级到SP3(推荐)。

KB893357官方下载地址:http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=662BB74D-E7C1-48D6-95EE-1459234F4483&displaylang=zh-cn

因为从微软官方下载此补丁,需要通过Windows正版验证,才能顺利下载。
如果,你的操作系统无法通过Windows正版验证

http://download.microsoft.com/download/f/2/c/f2c6d0bd-c5b7-48bc-b4db-d50068bd85e1/WindowsXP-KB893357-v2-x86-CHS.exe

Nginx 0.8.x + PHP 5.2.10(FastCGI)搭建胜过Apache十倍的Web服务器(第5版)[转载]

Nginx (“engine x”) 是一个高性能的 HTTP 和反向代理服务器,也是一个 IMAP/POP3/SMTP 代理服务器。 Nginx 是由 Igor Sysoev 为俄罗斯访问量第二的 Rambler.ru 站点开发的,它已经在该站点运行超过两年半了。Igor 将源代码以类BSD许可证的形式发布。

Nginx 超越 Apache 的高性能和稳定性,使得国内使用 Nginx 作为 Web 服务器的网站也越来越多,其中包括新浪博客新浪播客网易新闻等门户网站频道,六间房56.com等视频分享网站,Discuz!官方论坛水木社区等知名论坛,豆瓣YUPOO相册海内SNS迅雷在线等新兴Web 2.0网站。


Nginx 的官方中文维基:http://wiki.nginx.org/NginxChs


在高并发连接的情况下,Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品。Nginx同时也可以作为7层负载均衡服务器来使用。根据我的测试结果,Nginx 0.8.15 + PHP 5.2.10 (FastCGI) 可以承受3万以上的并发连接数,相当于同等环境下Apache的10倍。根据我的经验,4GB内存的服务器+Apache(prefork模式)一般只能处理3000个并发连接,因为它们将占用3GB以上的内存,还得为系统 预留1GB的内存。我曾经就有两台Apache服务器,因为在配置文件中设置的MaxClients为4000,当Apache并发连接数达到3800 时,导致服务器内存和Swap空间用满而崩溃。而这台 Nginx 0.8.15 + PHP 5.2.10 (FastCGI) 服务器在3万并发连接下,开启的10个Nginx进程消耗150M内存(15M*10=150M),开启的64个php-cgi进程消耗1280M内存 (20M*64=1280M),加上系统自身消耗的内存,总共消耗不到2GB内存。如果服务器内存较小,完全可以只开启25个php-cgi进程,这样 php-cgi消耗的总内存数才500M。在3万并发连接下,访问Nginx 0.8.15 + PHP 5.2.10 (FastCGI) 服务器的PHP程序,仍然速度飞快。下图为Nginx的状态监控页面,显示的活动连接数为28457(关于Nginx的监控页配置,会在本文接下来所给出 的Nginx配置文件中写明):
点击在新窗口中浏览此图片我生产环境下的两台Nginx + PHP5(FastCGI)服务器,跑多个一般复杂的纯PHP动态程序,单台Nginx + PHP5(FastCGI)服务器跑PHP动态程序的处理能力已经超过“700次请求/秒”,相当于每天可以承受6000万(700*60*60*24=60480000)的访问量(更多信息见此),而服务器的系统负载也不高:
点击在新窗口中浏览此图片2009年9月3日下午2:30,金山游戏《剑侠情缘网络版叁》临时维护1小时(http://kefu.xoyo.com/gonggao/jx3/2009-09-03/750438.shtml),大量玩家上官网,论坛、评论、客服等动态应用Nginx服务器集群,每台服务器的Nginx活动连接数达到2.8万,这是笔者遇到的Nginx生产环境最高并发值。点击在新窗口中浏览此图片


下面是用100个并发连接分别去压生产环境中同一负载均衡器VIP下、提供相同服务的两台服务器,一台为Nginx,另一台为Apache,Nginx每秒处理的请求数是Apache的两倍多,Nginx服务器的系统负载、CPU使用率远低于Apache:你可以将连接数开到10000~30000,去压Nginx和Apache上的phpinfo.php,这是用浏览器访问Nginx上的 phpinfo.php一切正常,而访问Apache服务器的phpinfo.php,则是该页无法显示。4G内存的服务器,即使再优化,Apache也 很难在“webbench -c 30000 -t 60 http://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/phpinfo.php”的压力情况下正常访问,而调整参数优化后的Nginx可以。webbench 下载地址:http://blog.s135.com/post/288/注意:webbench 做压力测试时,该软件自身也会消耗CPU和内存资源,为了测试准确,请将 webbench 安装在别的服务器上。测试结果:##### Nginx + PHP #####

引用

[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php

Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5

Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.21/phpinfo.php

100 clients, running 30 sec.

Speed=102450 pages/min, 16490596 bytes/sec.

Requests: 51225 susceed, 0 failed.

top - 14:06:13 up 27 days,  2:25,  2 users,  load average: 14.57, 9.89, 6.51

Tasks: 287 total,   4 running, 283 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie

Cpu(s): 49.9% us,  6.7% sy,  0.0% ni, 41.4% id,  1.1% wa,  0.1% hi,  0.8% si

Mem:   6230016k total,  2959468k used,  3270548k free,   635992k buffers

Swap:  2031608k total,     3696k used,  2027912k free,  1231444k cached

测试结果:##### Apache + PHP #####

引用

[root@localhost webbench-1.5]# webbench -c 100 -t 30 http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
Webbench - Simple Web Benchmark 1.5
Copyright (c) Radim Kolar 1997-2004, GPL Open Source Software.

Benchmarking: GET http://192.168.1.27/phpinfo.php
100 clients, running 30 sec.

Speed=42184 pages/min, 31512914 bytes/sec.
Requests: 21092 susceed, 0 failed.

top - 14:06:20 up 27 days,  2:13,  2 users,  load average: 62.15, 26.36, 13.42
Tasks: 318 total,   7 running, 310 sleeping,   0 stopped,   1 zombie
Cpu(s): 80.4% us, 10.6% sy,  0.0% ni,  7.9% id,  0.1% wa,  0.1% hi,  0.9% si
Mem:   6230016k total,  3075948k used,  3154068k free,   379896k buffers
Swap:  2031608k total,    12592k used,  2019016k free,  1117868k cached

为什么Nginx的性能要比Apache高得多?这得益于Nginx使用了最新的epoll(Linux 2.6内核)和kqueue(freebsd)网络I/O模型,而Apache则使用的是传统的select模型。目前Linux下能够承受高并发访问的 Squid、Memcached都采用的是epoll网络I/O模型。处理大量的连接的读写,Apache所采用的select网络I/O模型非常低效。下面用一个比喻来解析Apache采用的select模型和Nginx采用的epoll模型进行之间的区别:假设你在大学读书,住的宿舍楼有很多间房间,你的朋友要来找你。select版宿管大妈就会带着你的朋友挨个房间去找,直到找到你为止。而epoll版 宿管大妈会先记下每位同学的房间号,你的朋友来时,只需告诉你的朋友你住在哪个房间即可,不用亲自带着你的朋友满大楼找人。如果来了10000个人,都要 找自己住这栋楼的同学时,select版和epoll版宿管大妈,谁的效率更高,不言自明。同理,在高并发服务器中,轮询I/O是最耗时间的操作之 一,select和epoll的性能谁的性能更高,同样十分明了。


安装步骤:
(系统要求:Linux 2.6+ 内核,本文中的Linux操作系统为CentOS 5.3,另在RedHat AS4上也安装成功)一、获取相关开源程序:
1、【适用CentOS操作系统】利用CentOS Linux系统自带的yum命令安装、升级所需的程序库(RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包,进行安装):

[root@localhost ~]# sudo -s
[root@localhost ~]# LANG=C
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel zlib zlib-devel glibc glibc-devel glib2 glib2-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel ncurses ncurses-devel curl curl-devel e2fsprogs e2fsprogs-devel krb5 krb5-devel libidn libidn-devel openssl openssl-devel openldap openldap-devel nss_ldap openldap-clients openldap-servers

2、【适用RedHat操作系统】RedHat等其他Linux发行版可从安装光盘中找到这些程序库的RPM包(事先可通过类似“rpm -qa | grep libjpeg”的命令查看所需的RPM包是否存在,通常是“xxx-devel”不存在,需要安装)。RedHat可以直接利用CentOS的RPM包 安装,以下是RPM包下载网址:
①、RedHat AS4 & CentOS 4
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/i386/CentOS/RPMS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/4/os/x86_64/CentOS/RPMS/

②、RedHat AS5 & CentOS 5
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/i386/CentOS/
http://mirrors.163.com/centos/5/os/x86_64/CentOS/

③、RPM包搜索网站
http://rpm.pbone.net/
http://www.rpmfind.net/

④、RedHat AS4 系统环境,通常情况下缺少的支持包安装:
Ⅰ、i386 系统

[root@localhost opt]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.i386.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.i386.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/i386/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.i386.rpm

Ⅱ、x86_64 系统

[root@localhost opt]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# rpm -ivh libjpeg-devel-6b-33.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/rpm/x86_64/libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost opt]# rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm

如果[rpm -ivh freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm]出错请执行[rpm -ivh –force –nodeps freetype-devel-2.1.9-1.x86_64.rpm]
如果[rpm -ivh libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm]出错请执行[rpm -ivh –force –nodeps libpng-devel-1.2.7-1.x86_64.rpm]

3、【适用CentOS、RedHat及其它Linux操作系统】下载程序源码包:
本文中提到的所有开源软件为截止到2009年09月18日的最新稳定版。
①、从软件的官方网站下载:

[root@localhost opt]# mkdir -p /opt/server
[root@localhost opt]# cd /opt/server
[root@localhost server]# wget http://sysoev.ru/nginx/nginx-0.8.15.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.2.10.tar.gz/from/this/mirror
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.10-fpm-0.5.11.diff.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://dev.mysql.com/get/Downloads/MySQL-5.1/mysql-5.1.38.tar.gz/from/http://mysql.he.net/
[root@localhost server]# wget http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz?modtime=1171868460&big_mirror=0
[root@localhost server]# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz?modtime=1194463373&big_mirror=0
[root@localhost server]# wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz?modtime=1175740843&big_mirror=0
[root@localhost server]# wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-7.9.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://bart.eaccelerator.net/source/0.9.5.3/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
[root@localhost server]# wget http://pecl.php.net/get/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://pecl.php.net/get/imagick-2.2.2.tgz

②、从blog.s135.com下载(比较稳定,只允许在本站,或者在Linux/Unix下通过Wget、Curl等命令下载以下软件):

[root@localhost server]# mkdir -p /opt/server
[root@localhost server]# cd /opt/server
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/nginx/nginx-0.8.15.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/php/php-5.2.10.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/phpfpm/php-5.2.10-fpm-0.5.11.diff.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mysql/mysql-5.1.38.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/libiconv/libiconv-1.13.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mcrypt/mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/memcache/memcache-2.2.5.tgz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/mhash/mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pcre/pcre-7.9.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/eaccelerator/eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/pdo/PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/ImageMagick.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://blog.s135.com/soft/linux/nginx_php/imagick/imagick-2.2.2.tgz

二、安装PHP 5.2.10(FastCGI模式)
1、编译安装PHP 5.2.10所需的支持库:

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf libiconv-1.13.tar.gz
[root@localhost libiconv-1.13]# cd libiconv-1.13/
[root@localhost libiconv-1.13]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
[root@localhost libiconv-1.13]# make
[root@localhost libiconv-1.13]# make install
[root@localhost libiconv-1.13]# cd ../

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd libmcrypt-2.5.8/
[root@localhost libmcrypt-2.5.8]# ./configure
[root@localhost libmcrypt-2.5.8]# make
[root@localhost libmcrypt-2.5.8]# make install
[root@localhost libmcrypt-2.5.8]# /sbin/ldconfig
[root@localhost libltdl]# cd libltdl/
[root@localhost libltdl]# ./configure --enable-ltdl-install
[root@localhost libltdl]# make
[root@localhost libltdl]# make install
[root@localhost libltdl]# cd ../../

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd mhash-0.9.9.9/
[root@localhost mhash-0.9.9.9]# ./configure
[root@localhost mhash-0.9.9.9]# make
[root@localhost mhash-0.9.9.9]# make install
[root@localhost mhash-0.9.9.9]# cd ../

[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
[root@localhost server]# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd mcrypt-2.6.8/
[root@localhost mcrypt-2.6.8]# /sbin/ldconfig
[root@localhost mcrypt-2.6.8]# ./configure
[root@localhost mcrypt-2.6.8]# make
[root@localhost mcrypt-2.6.8]# make install
[root@localhost mcrypt-2.6.8]# cd ../

如果mcrypt-2.6.8安装configure时[报错:configure: error: *** libmcrypt was not found]
[解决方法:ln -s /usr/local/bin/libmcrypt-config /usr/bin/libmcrypt-config]
[如果不行,再前面执行:yum -y install libtool-ltdl
yum -y install libtool-ltdl-devel
ln -sf /usr/lib64/libltdl.a /usr/local/lib/libltdl.a]


2、编译安装MySQL 5.1.38

[root@localhost server]# /usr/sbin/groupadd mysql
[root@localhost server]# /usr/sbin/useradd -g mysql mysql
[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf mysql-5.1.38.tar.gz
[root@localhost mysql-5.1.38]# cd mysql-5.1.38/
[root@localhost mysql-5.1.38]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql/ --enable-assembler --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables --with-readline --with-ssl --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=innobase
[root@localhost mysql-5.1.38]# make && make install
[root@localhost mysql-5.1.38]# chmod +w /usr/local/mysql
[root@localhost mysql-5.1.38]# chown -R mysql:mysql /usr/local/mysql
[root@localhost mysql-5.1.38]# cd ../

附:以下为附加步骤,如果你想在这台服务器上运行MySQL数据库,则执行以下两步。如果你只是希望让PHP支持MySQL扩展库,能够连接其他服务器上的MySQL数据库,那么,以下两步无需执行。①、创建MySQL数据库存放目录

[root@localhost server]# mkdir -p /data/mysql/3306/data/
[root@localhost server]# chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql/

②、以mysql用户帐号的身份建立数据表:

[root@localhost server]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/data/mysql/3306/data --user=mysql

③、创建my.cnf配置文件:

[root@localhost server]# vi /data/mysql/3306/my.cnf

输入以下内容:

引用

[client]
default-character-set = utf8
port    = 3306
socket  = /tmp/mysql.sock

[mysql]
prompt="(\u:blog.s135.com:)[\d]>"
no-auto-rehash

[mysqld]
#default-character-set = utf8
user    = mysql
port    = 3306
socket  = /tmp/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /data/mysql/3306/data
open_files_limit    = 10240
back_log = 600
max_connections = 3000
max_connect_errors = 6000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet = 32M
sort_buffer_size = 2M
join_buffer_size = 2M
thread_cache_size = 300
thread_concurrency = 8
query_cache_size = 32M
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
default-storage-engine = MyISAM
default_table_type = MyISAM
thread_stack = 192K
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 246M
max_heap_table_size = 246M
long_query_time = 1
log_long_format
log-bin = /data/mysql/3306/binlog
binlog_cache_size = 4M
binlog_format = MIXED
max_binlog_cache_size = 8M
max_binlog_size = 512M
expire_logs_days = 7
key_buffer_size = 256M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 16M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 64M
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M
myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size = 10G
myisam_repair_threads = 1
myisam_recover

skip-name-resolve
master-connect-retry = 10
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,126,1114,1146,1048,1396

server-id = 1

innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 16M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 2048M
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:1024M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
innodb_log_file_size = 128M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 32M

④、创建管理MySQL数据库的shell脚本:

[root@localhost server]# vi /data/mysql/3306/mysql

输入以下内容(这里的用户名admin和密码12345678接下来的步骤会创建):

#!/bin/sh

mysql_port=3306
mysql_username="admin"
mysql_password="12345678"

function_start_mysql()
{
    printf "Starting MySQL...\n"
    /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/mysql/${mysql_port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /dev/null &
}

function_stop_mysql()
{
    printf "Stoping MySQL...\n"
    /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_username} -p${mysql_password} -S /tmp/mysql.sock shutdown
}

function_restart_mysql()
{
    printf "Restarting MySQL...\n"
    function_stop_mysql
    sleep 5
    function_start_mysql
}

function_kill_mysql()
{
    kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'bin/mysqld_safe' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
    kill -9 $(ps -ef | grep 'libexec/mysqld' | grep ${mysql_port} | awk '{printf $2}')
}

if [ "$1" = "start" ]; then
    function_start_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "stop" ]; then
    function_stop_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "restart" ]; then
function_restart_mysql
elif [ "$1" = "kill" ]; then
function_kill_mysql
else
    printf "Usage: /data/mysql/${mysql_port}/mysql {start|stop|restart|kill}\n"
fi

⑤、赋予shell脚本可执行权限:

[root@localhost server]# chmod +x /data/mysql/3306/mysql

⑥、启动MySQL:

[root@localhost server]# /data/mysql/3306/mysql start

这里要还需要设置MySQL的root用户密码:/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password “123456”
⑦、通过命令行登录管理MySQL服务器(提示输入密码时输入:123456 回车):

[root@localhost server]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -u root -p -S /tmp/mysql.sock

⑧、输入以下SQL语句,创建一个具有root权限的用户(admin)和密码(12345678):

mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'admin'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '12345678';

⑨、(可选)停止MySQL:

[root@localhost server]# /data/mysql/3306/mysql stop

3、编译安装PHP(FastCGI模式)

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf php-5.2.10.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# gzip -cd php-5.2.10-fpm-0.5.11.diff.gz | patch -d php-5.2.10 -p1
[root@localhost server]# cd php-5.2.10/
[root@localhost php-5.2.10]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php --with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc --with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql --with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config --with-iconv-dir=/usr/local --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib --with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml --disable-rpath --enable-discard-path --enable-safe-mode --enable-bcmath --enable-shmop --enable-sysvsem --enable-inline-optimization --with-curl --with-curlwrappers --enable-mbregex --enable-fastcgi --enable-fpm --enable-force-cgi-redirect --enable-mbstring --with-mcrypt --with-gd --enable-gd-native-ttf --with-openssl --with-mhash --enable-pcntl --enable-sockets --with-ldap --with-ldap-sasl --with-xmlrpc --enable-zip --enable-soap --without-pear
[root@localhost php-5.2.10]# make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'
[root@localhost php-5.2.10]# make install
[root@localhost php-5.2.10]# cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
[root@localhost php-5.2.10]# cd ../
[root@localhost server]# curl http://pear.php.net/go-pear | /usr/local/php/bin/php

如果configure报错[make: *** [sapi/cgi/php-cgi] Error 1]
解决方法:[yum install libtool-ltdl.x86_64 libtool-ltdl-devel.x86_64]
[报错:gcc: /usr/lib64/libfreetype.so: No such file or directory
make: *** [sapi/cgi/php-cgi] Error 1]
解决方法:[ln -s /usr/lib64/libfreetype.so.6.3.10 /usr/lib64/libfreetype.so]


4、编译安装PHP5扩展模块

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf memcache-2.2.5.tgz
[root@localhost server]# cd memcache-2.2.5/
[root@localhost memcache-2.2.5]# /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
[root@localhost memcache-2.2.5]# ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config
[root@localhost memcache-2.2.5]# make
[root@localhost memcache-2.2.5]# make install
[root@localhost memcache-2.2.5]# cd ../

[root@localhost server]# tar jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
[root@localhost server]# cd eaccelerator-0.9.5.3/
[root@localhost eaccelerator-0.9.5.3]# /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
[root@localhost eaccelerator-0.9.5.3]# ./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config
[root@localhost eaccelerator-0.9.5.3]# make
[root@localhost eaccelerator-0.9.5.3]# make install
[root@localhost eaccelerator-0.9.5.3]# cd ../

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2.tgz
[root@localhost server]# cd PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2/
[root@localhost PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2]# /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
[root@localhost PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2]# ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config --with-pdo-mysql=/usr/local/mysql
[root@localhost PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2]# make
[root@localhost PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2]# make install
[root@localhost PDO_MYSQL-1.0.2]# cd ../

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf ImageMagick.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd ImageMagick-6.5.1-2/
[root@localhost ImageMagick-6.5.1-2]# ./configure
[root@localhost ImageMagick-6.5.1-2]# make
[root@localhost ImageMagick-6.5.1-2]# make install
[root@localhost ImageMagick-6.5.1-2]# cd ../

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf imagick-2.2.2.tgz
[root@localhost server]# cd imagick-2.2.2/
[root@localhost imagick-2.2.2]# /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
[root@localhost imagick-2.2.2]# ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config
[root@localhost imagick-2.2.2]# make
[root@localhost imagick-2.2.2]# make install
[root@localhost imagick-2.2.2]# cd ../

5、修改php.ini文件
手工修改:查找/usr/local/php/etc/php.ini中的extension_dir = “./”
修改为extension_dir = “/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/”
并在此行后增加以下几行,然后保存:
extension = “memcache.so”
extension = “pdo_mysql.so”
extension = “imagick.so”

再查找output_buffering = Off
修改为output_buffering = On

自动修改:若嫌手工修改麻烦,可执行以下shell命令,自动完成对php.ini文件的修改:

[root@localhost server]# sed -i 's#extension_dir = "./"#extension_dir = "/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/"\nextension = "memcache.so"\nextension = "pdo_mysql.so"\nextension = "imagick.so"\n#' /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
[root@localhost server]# sed -i 's#output_buffering = Off#output_buffering = On#' /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
[root@localhost server]# sed -i "s#; always_populate_raw_post_data = On#always_populate_raw_post_data = On#g" /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini

6、配置eAccelerator加速PHP:

[root@localhost server]# mkdir -p /usr/local/eaccelerator_cache
[root@localhost server]# vi /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini

按shift+g键跳到配置文件的最末尾,加上以下配置信息:

[eaccelerator]
zend_extension="/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so"
eaccelerator.shm_size="64"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/usr/local/eaccelerator_cache"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="3600"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

7、创建www用户和组,以及供blog.s135.com和www.s135.com两个虚拟主机使用的目录:

[root@localhost server]# /usr/sbin/groupadd www
[root@localhost server]# /usr/sbin/useradd -g www www
[root@localhost server]# mkdir -p /data/htdocs/blog
[root@localhost server]# chmod +w /data/htdocs/blog
[root@localhost server]# chown -R www:www /data/htdocs/blog
[root@localhost server]# mkdir -p /data/htdocs/www
[root@localhost server]# chmod +w /data/htdocs/www
[root@localhost server]# chown -R www:www /data/htdocs/www

8、创建php-fpm配置文件(php-fpm是为PHP打的一个FastCGI管理补丁,可以平滑变更php.ini配置而无需重启php-cgi):
在/usr/local/php/etc/目录中创建php-fpm.conf文件:

[root@localhost server]# rm -f /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
[root@localhost server]# vi /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.conf

输入以下内容[内容可能copy不完整,可以直接下载php-fpm.conf](如果您安装 Nginx + PHP 用于程序调试,请将以下的0改为1,以便显示PHP错误信息,否则,Nginx 会报状态为500的空白错误页):

< ?xml version="1.0" ?>All relative paths in this config are relative to php's install prefix
Pid file/usr/local/php/logs/php-fpm.pidError log file/usr/local/php/logs/php-fpm.logLog levelnoticeWhen this amount of php processes exited with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS ...10... in a less than this interval of time, a graceful restart will be initiated. Useful to work around accidental curruptions in accelerator's shared memory.1mTime limit on waiting child's reaction on signals from master5sSet to 'no' to debug fpmyes
Name of pool. Used in logs and stats.defaultAddress to accept fastcgi requests on. Valid syntax is 'ip.ad.re.ss:port' or just 'port' or '/path/to/unix/socket'127.0.0.1:9000Set listen(2) backlog-1Set permissions for unix socket, if one used. In Linux read/write permissions must be set in order to allow connections from web server. Many BSD-derrived systems allow connections regardless of permissions.0666Additional php.ini defines, specific to this pool of workers./usr/sbin/sendmail -t -i1Unix user of processeswwwUnix group of processeswwwProcess manager settingsSets style of controling worker process count. Valid values are 'static' and 'apache-like'staticSets the limit on the number of simultaneous requests that will be served. Equivalent to Apache MaxClients directive. Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN environment in original php.fcgi Used with any pm_style.128Settings group for 'apache-like' pm styleSets the number of server processes created on startup. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected20Sets the desired minimum number of idle server processes. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected5Sets the desired maximum number of idle server processes. Used only when 'apache-like' pm_style is selected35The timeout (in seconds) for serving a single request after which the worker process will be terminated Should be used when 'max_execution_time' ini option does not stop script execution for some reason '0s' means 'off'0sThe timeout (in seconds) for serving of single request after which a php backtrace will be dumped to slow.log file '0s' means 'off'0sThe log file for slow requestslogs/slow.logSet open file desc rlimit51200Set max core size rlimit0Chroot to this directory at the start, absolute pathChdir to this directory at the start, absolute pathRedirect workers' stdout and stderr into main error log. If not set, they will be redirected to /dev/null, according to FastCGI specsyesHow much requests each process should execute before respawn. Useful to work around memory leaks in 3rd party libraries. For endless request processing please specify 0 Equivalent to PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS500Comma separated list of ipv4 addresses of FastCGI clients that allowed to connect. Equivalent to FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS environment in original php.fcgi (5.2.2+) Makes sense only with AF_INET listening socket.127.0.0.1Pass environment variables like LD_LIBRARY_PATH All $VARIABLEs are taken from current environment$HOSTNAME/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin/tmp/tmp/tmp$OSTYPE$MACHTYPE2

9、启动php-cgi进程,监听127.0.0.1的9000端口,进程数为200(如果服务器内存小于3GB,可以只开启64个进程),用户为www:

[root@localhost server]# ulimit -SHn 65535
[root@localhost server]# /usr/local/php/sbin/php-fpm start

注:/usr/local/php/sbin/php-fpm还有其他参数,包 括:start|stop|quit|restart|reload|logrotate,修改php.ini后不重启php-cgi,重新加载配置文件 使用reload。


三、安装Nginx 0.8.15
1、安装Nginx所需的pcre库:

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf pcre-7.9.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd pcre-7.9/
[root@localhost pcre-7.9]# ./configure
[root@localhost pcre-7.9]# make && make install
[root@localhost pcre-7.9]# cd ../

2、安装Nginx

[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf nginx-0.8.15.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd nginx-0.8.15/
[root@localhost nginx-0.8.15]# ./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
[root@localhost nginx-0.8.15]# make && make install
[root@localhost nginx-0.8.15]# cd ../

3、创建Nginx日志目录

[root@localhost server]# mkdir -p /data/logs
[root@localhost server]# chmod +w /data/logs
[root@localhost server]# chown -R www:www /data/logs

4、创建Nginx配置文件
①、在/usr/local/nginx/conf/目录中创建nginx.conf文件:

[root@localhost server]# rm -f /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
[root@localhost server]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

输入以下内容:

user  www www;

worker_processes 8;

error_log  /data/logs/nginx_error.log  crit;

pid        /usr/local/nginx/nginx.pid;

#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events
{
  use epoll;
  worker_connections 65535;
}

http
{
  include       mime.types;
  default_type  application/octet-stream;

  #charset  gb2312;

  server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
  client_header_buffer_size 32k;
  large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
  client_max_body_size 8m;

  sendfile on;
  tcp_nopush     on;

  keepalive_timeout 60;

  tcp_nodelay on;

  fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
  fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
  fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
  fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
  fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
  fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
  fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;

  gzip on;
  gzip_min_length  1k;
  gzip_buffers     4 16k;
  gzip_http_version 1.0;
  gzip_comp_level 2;
  gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
  gzip_vary on;

  #limit_zone  crawler  $binary_remote_addr  10m;

  server
  {
    listen       80;
    server_name  blog.s135.com;
    index index.html index.htm index.php;
    root  /data/htdocs/blog;

    #limit_conn   crawler  20;    

    location ~ .*.(php|php5)?$
    {
      #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
      fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
      fastcgi_index index.php;
      include fcgi.conf;
    }

    location ~ .*.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
    {
      expires      30d;
    }

    location ~ .*.(js|css)?$
    {
      expires      1h;
    }    

    log_format  access  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
              '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
              '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
    access_log  /data/logs/access.log  access;
      }

  server
  {
    listen       80;
    server_name  www.s135.com;
    index index.html index.htm index.php;
    root  /data/htdocs/www;

    location ~ .*.(php|php5)?$
    {
      #fastcgi_pass  unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
      fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
      fastcgi_index index.php;
      include fcgi.conf;
    }

    log_format  wwwlogs  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
               '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
               '"$http_user_agent" $http_x_forwarded_for';
    access_log  /data/logs/wwwlogs.log  wwwlogs;
  }

  server
  {
    listen  80;
    server_name  status.blog.s135.com;

    location / {
    stub_status on;
    access_log   off;
    }
  }
}

②、在/usr/local/nginx/conf/目录中创建fcgi.conf文件:

[root@localhost server]# vi /usr/local/nginx/conf/fcgi.conf

输入以下内容:

fastcgi_param  GATEWAY_INTERFACE  CGI/1.1;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_SOFTWARE    nginx;

fastcgi_param  QUERY_STRING       $query_string;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_METHOD     $request_method;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_TYPE       $content_type;
fastcgi_param  CONTENT_LENGTH     $content_length;

fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME    $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_NAME        $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param  REQUEST_URI        $request_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_URI       $document_uri;
fastcgi_param  DOCUMENT_ROOT      $document_root;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PROTOCOL    $server_protocol;

fastcgi_param  REMOTE_ADDR        $remote_addr;
fastcgi_param  REMOTE_PORT        $remote_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_ADDR        $server_addr;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_PORT        $server_port;
fastcgi_param  SERVER_NAME        $server_name;

# PHP only, required if PHP was built with --enable-force-cgi-redirect
fastcgi_param  REDIRECT_STATUS    200;

5、启动Nginx

[root@localhost server]# ulimit -SHn 65535
[root@localhost server]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

四、配置开机自动启动Nginx + PHP

[root@localhost server]# vi /etc/rc.local

在末尾增加以下内容:

ulimit -SHn 65535
/usr/local/php/sbin/php-fpm start
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

五、优化Linux内核参数

[root@localhost server]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

在末尾增加以下内容:

# Add
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 65536
net.core.netdev_max_backlog =  32768
net.core.somaxconn = 32768

net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216

net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 1
#net.ipv4.tcp_tw_len = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 1

net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 94500000 915000000 927000000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800

#net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 30
#net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 120
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024  65535

使配置立即生效:

[root@localhost server]# /sbin/sysctl -p

六、在不停止Nginx服务的情况下平滑变更Nginx配置
1、修改/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件后,请执行以下命令检查配置文件是否正确:

[root@localhost server]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -t

如果屏幕显示以下两行信息,说明配置文件正确:
the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok
the configuration file /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf was tested successfully

2、这时,输入以下命令查看Nginx主进程号:

[root@localhost server]# ps -ef | grep "nginx: master process" | grep -v "grep" | awk -F ' ' '{print $2}'

屏幕显示的即为Nginx主进程号,例如:
6302
这时,执行以下命令即可使修改过的Nginx配置文件生效:

[root@localhost server]# kill -HUP 6302

或者无需这么麻烦,找到Nginx的Pid文件:

[root@localhost server]# kill -HUP `cat /usr/local/nginx/nginx.pid`

七、编写每天定时切割Nginx日志的脚本
1、创建脚本/usr/local/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

[root@localhost server]# vi /usr/local/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh
输入以下内容:
#!/bin/bash
# This script run at 00:00

# The Nginx logs path
logs_path="/usr/local/nginx/logs/"

mkdir -p ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/
mv ${logs_path}access.log ${logs_path}$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y")/$(date -d "yesterday" +"%m")/access_$(date -d "yesterday" +"%Y%m%d").log
kill -USR1 `cat /usr/local/nginx/nginx.pid`

2、设置crontab,每天凌晨00:00切割nginx访问日志

[root@localhost server]# crontab -e

输入以下内容:

00 00 * * * /bin/bash  /usr/local/nginx/sbin/cut_nginx_log.sh

使用Nginx的proxy_cache缓存功能取代Squid[转载]

Nginx从0.7.48版本开始,支持了类似Squid的缓存功能。这个缓存是把URL及相关组合当作Key,用md5编码哈希后保存在硬盘上,所 以它可以支持任意URL链接,同时也支持404/301/302这样的非200状态码。虽然目前官方的Nginx Web缓存服务只能为指定URL或状态码设置过期时间,不支持类似Squid的PURGE指令,手动清除指定缓存页面,但是,通过一个第三方的Nginx 模块,可以清除指定URL的缓存。

Nginx的Web缓存服务主要由proxy_cache相关指令集和fastcgi_cache相关指令集构成,前者用于反向代理时,对后端内容源服务器进行缓存,后者主要用于对FastCGI的动态程序进行缓存。两者的功能基本上一样。

最新的Nginx 0.8.31版本,proxy_cache和fastcgi_cache已经比较完善,加上第三方的ngx_cache_purge模块(用于清除指定 URL的缓存),已经可以完全取代Squid。我们已经在生产环境使用了 Nginx 的 proxy_cache 缓存功能超过两个月,十分稳定,速度不逊于 Squid。

在功能上,Nginx已经具备Squid所拥有的Web缓存加速功能、清除 指定URL缓存的功能。而在性能上,Nginx对多核CPU的利用,胜过Squid不少。另外,在反向代理、负载均衡、健康检查、后端服务器故障转移、 Rewrite重写、易用性上,Nginx也比Squid强大得多。这使得一台Nginx可以同时作为“负载均衡服务器”与“Web缓存服务器”来使用。


1、Nginx 负载均衡与缓存服务器在 Linux 下的编译安装:

[root@localhost server]# ulimit -SHn 65535
[root@localhost server]# wget ftp://ftp.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/software/programming/pcre/pcre-8.00.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf pcre-8.00.tar.gz
[root@localhost pcre-8.00]# cd pcre-8.00/
[root@localhost pcre-8.00]# ./configure
[root@localhost pcre-8.00]# make && make install
[root@localhost pcre-8.00]# cd ../
[root@localhost server]# wget http://labs.frickle.com/files/ngx_cache_purge-1.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf ngx_cache_purge-1.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-0.8.31.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# tar zxvf nginx-0.8.31.tar.gz
[root@localhost server]# cd nginx-0.8.31/
[root@localhost nginx-0.8.31]# ./configure --user=www --group=www --add-module=../ngx_cache_purge-1.0 --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module
[root@localhost nginx-0.8.31]# make && make install
[root@localhost nginx-0.8.31]# cd ../

2、/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf 配置文件内容如下:

user  www www;
worker_processes 8;
error_log  /usr/local/webserver/nginx/logs/nginx_error.log  crit;
pid        /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
#Specifies the value for maximum file descriptors that can be opened by this process.
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events
{
use epoll;
worker_connections 65535;
}
http
{
include       mime.types;
default_type  application/octet-stream;
charset  utf-8;
server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k;
large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
client_max_body_size 300m;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush     on;
keepalive_timeout 60;
tcp_nodelay on;
client_body_buffer_size  512k;
proxy_connect_timeout    5;
proxy_read_timeout       60;
proxy_send_timeout       5;
proxy_buffer_size        16k;
proxy_buffers            4 64k;
proxy_busy_buffers_size 128k;
proxy_temp_file_write_size 128k;
gzip on;
gzip_min_length  1k;
gzip_buffers     4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_types       text/plain application/x-javascript text/css application/xml;
gzip_vary on;
#注:proxy_temp_path和proxy_cache_path指定的路径必须在同一分区
proxy_temp_path   /data0/proxy_temp_dir;
#设置Web缓存区名称为cache_one,内存缓存空间大小为200MB,1天清理一次缓存,硬盘缓存空间大小为30GB。
proxy_cache_path  /data0/proxy_cache_dir  levels=1:2   keys_zone=cache_one:200m inactive=1d max_size=30g;
upstream backend_server {
server   192.168.8.43:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
server   192.168.8.44:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
server   192.168.8.45:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s;
}
server
{
listen       80;
server_name  www.yourdomain.com 192.168.8.42;
index index.html index.htm;
root  /data0/htdocs/www;
location /
{
#如果后端的服务器返回502、504、执行超时等错误,自动将请求转发到upstream负载均衡池中的另一台服务器,实现故障转移。
proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;
proxy_cache cache_one;
#对不同的HTTP状态码设置不同的缓存时间
proxy_cache_valid  200 304 12h;
#以域名、URI、参数组合成Web缓存的Key值,Nginx根据Key值哈希,存储缓存内容到二级缓存目录内
proxy_cache_key $host$uri$is_args$args;
proxy_set_header Host  $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For  $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http://backend_server;
expires      1d;
}
#用于清除缓存,假设一个URL为http://192.168.8.42/test.txt,通过访问http://192.168.8.42/purge/test.txt就可以清除该URL的缓存。
location ~ /purge(/.*)
{
#设置只允许指定的IP或IP段才可以清除URL缓存。
allow            127.0.0.1;
allow            192.168.0.0/16;
deny            all;
proxy_cache_purge    cache_one   $host$1$is_args$args;
}
#扩展名以.php、.jsp、.cgi结尾的动态应用程序不缓存。
location ~ .*\.(php|jsp|cgi)?$
{
proxy_set_header Host  $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For  $remote_addr;
proxy_pass http://backend_server;
}
access_log  off;
}
}

3、启动 Nginx:

[root@localhost server]# /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

4、清除指定的URL缓存示例:点击在新窗口中浏览此图片